Sample Problems > Usage > ODE > second_order

{ SECOND_ORDER_TIME.PDE

This example shows the integration of Bessel's Equation as a test of the

time integration capabilities of FlexPDE.

Bessel's Equation for order zero can be written as

t^2*dtt(w) + t*dt(w) + t^2*w = 0

Dividing by t^2 and avoiding the pole at t=0, we can write

dtt(w) + dt(w)/t + w = 0

FlexPDE cannot directly integrate second order time equations, so we define an

auxiliary variable v=dt(w) and write a coupled pair of equations

dt(v) + v/t + w = 0

dt(w) = v

We use a dummy spatial grid of two cells and solve the equation at each node.

You can try varying the value given for ERRLIM to see how it behaves.

}

title "Integration of Bessel's Equation"

select

ngrid=1

errlim=1e-4 { increase accuracy to prevent accumulation of errors }

Variables

v (threshold=0.1)

w (threshold=0.1)

definitions

L = sqrt(2)

t0 = 0.001 { Start integration at t=0.001 }

Initial values { Initialize to known values at t=t0 }

w = 1-2.25*(t0/3)^2

v = -0.5*t0 + 0.5625*t0*(t0/3)^2

equations

v: dt(v) +v/t + w = 0

w: dt(w) = v

boundaries

region 1

start(-L,-L) line to (L,-L) to (L,L) to (-L,L) to close

time 0.001 to 4*pi { Exclude t=0 }

plots

for t=0.01 by 0.01 to 0.1 by 0.1 to 1 by 1 to endtime

history(w,bessj(0,t)) at (0,0) as "W(t) and BESSJ0(t)"

history(w-bessj(0,t)) at (0,0) as "Absolute Error"

history(v,-bessj(1,t)) at (0,0) as "V(t) and dt(BESSJ0(t))"

history(v+bessj(1,t)) at (0,0) as "Slope Error"

history(deltat)

end

second_order_time